Categorizing Ideas about Trees: A Tree of Trees
نویسندگان
چکیده
The aim of this study is to explore whether matrices and MP trees used to produce systematic categories of organisms could be useful to produce categories of ideas in history of science. We study the history of the use of trees in systematics to represent the diversity of life from 1766 to 1991. We apply to those ideas a method inspired from coding homologous parts of organisms. We discretize conceptual parts of ideas, writings and drawings about trees contained in 41 main writings; we detect shared parts among authors and code them into a 91-characters matrix and use a tree representation to show who shares what with whom. In other words, we propose a hierarchical representation of the shared ideas about trees among authors: this produces a "tree of trees." Then, we categorize schools of tree-representations. Classical schools like "cladists" and "pheneticists" are recovered but others are not: "gradists" are separated into two blocks, one of them being called here "grade theoreticians." We propose new interesting categories like the "buffonian school," the "metaphoricians," and those using "strictly genealogical classifications." We consider that networks are not useful to represent shared ideas at the present step of the study. A cladogram is made for showing who is sharing what with whom, but also heterobathmy and homoplasy of characters. The present cladogram is not modelling processes of transmission of ideas about trees, and here it is mostly used to test for proximity of ideas of the same age and for categorization.
منابع مشابه
Estimating Height and Diameter Growth of Some Street Trees in Urban Green Spaces
Estimating urban trees growth, especially tree height is very important in urban landscape management. The aim of the study was to predict of tree height base on tree diameter. To achieve this goal, 921 trees from five species were measured in five areas of Mashhad city in 2014. The evaluated trees were ash tree (Fraxinus species), plane tree (Platanus hybrida), white mulberry (Morus alba), ail...
متن کاملEvaluation of Tree Marking in Persian Ironwood-hornbeam Stands at Bahramnia Forestry Plan and Its Effect on Stand Structure
Tree marking can cause changes in forest. This study aimed to assess tree marking operation and to predict its effect on stand structure of Persian ironwood-hornbeam stands at Bahramnia forestry plan, north of Iran. Therefore 98 trees that were marked in compartment 9 of the mentioned forest in 2017 based on selection system and according to the recent laws of Forests, Range and Watershed Manag...
متن کاملA method for analyzing the problem of determining the maximum common fragments of temporal directed tree, that do not change with time
In this study two actual types of problems are considered and solved: 1) determining the maximum common connected fragment of the T-tree (T-directed tree) which does not change with time; 2) determining all maximum common connected fragments of the T-tree (T-directed tree) which do not change with time. The choice of the primary study of temporal directed trees and trees is justified by the wid...
متن کاملEffect of tree decline and slope aspect on the leaf morphological traits of Persian oak trees
This study was accomplished with the aim of investigating the effects of tree decline and slope aspect on leaf morphological traits and determining the indicator morphological traits that indicate the leaf diversity of Persian oak trees in relation to habitat conditions and environmental stresses in Mellah Siah forests of Ilam. Two forest habitats were selected on the northern and southern slop...
متن کاملQuantitative Comparison of Tree Pairs Resulted from Gene and Protein Phylogenetic Trees for Sulfite Reductase Flavoprotein Alpha-Component and 5S rRNA and Taxonomic Trees in Selected Bacterial Species
Introduction: FAD is the cofactor of FAD-FR protein family. Sulfite reductase flavoprotein alpha-component is one of the main enzymes of this family. Based on applications of this enzyme in biotechnology and industry, it was chosen as the subject of evolutionary studies in 19 specific species. Method: Gene and protein sequences of sulfite reductase flavoprotein alpha-component, 5S rRNA sequence...
متن کامل